Is Solar Power the Future of Electromobility?
Electromobility involves using electricity as the primary energy source for transportation. While efforts have primarily focused on expanding charging infrastructure and enhancing EV efficiency, increasing development costs and potential reductions in tax incentives have led automakers to explore alternative solutions to drive EV adoption.
The Potential of Solar-Powered Vehicles
One of the biggest challenges EVs face is range limitations. Most models can travel between 100 and 300 miles before requiring a recharge—significantly less than gasoline-powered cars. Although EVs offer lower fueling costs, reliance on charging stations remains a concern for many drivers.
Solar-powered vehicles could address these range limitations by enabling continuous charging while in motion, parked, or during long journeys. This could significantly reduce dependency on charging infrastructure and lower energy costs. Solar-powered cars could play a key role in reducing emissions since the transportation sector accounted for 28% of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions in 2022—primarily from larger vehicles.
Challenges in Solar EV Development
Despite the promise of solar-powered vehicles, the technology is still in its early stages. Several companies have struggled financially to bring these cars to market. For instance, Atlas Technologies, the creator of Lightyear, went bankrupt in early 2023 due to the high costs of its initial model. Similarly, German startup Sono Motors had to discontinue its solar-powered EV project despite securing numerous preorders, citing financial constraints.
Infrastructure and Design Limitations
Even if solar-powered EVs integrate with existing charging networks, urban environments and geographical factors pose significant challenges. Shading from buildings and trees in city settings reduces sunlight exposure, potentially decreasing the effectiveness of solar panels by approximately 25%.
Moreover, damage from accidents could render solar panels nonfunctional, complicating resale and insurance processes. A vehicle with damaged solar panels might be deemed unsalvageable, affecting its value in the secondhand market.
The Feasibility of Fully Solar-Powered Cars
Experts suggest that a fully solar-powered vehicle is not yet feasible. Solar technology specialist Miguel Brito notes that while photovoltaic (PV) panels can extend the time between charges, they cannot fully replace the need for charging infrastructure. The primary issue is efficiency—vehicle roofs provide limited surface area for solar panels, and their added weight and fragility introduce further challenges.
Additionally, PV panels work best when positioned flat, which conflicts with the aerodynamic shapes of modern vehicles. Engineers must find ways to integrate solar panels without compromising vehicle efficiency or performance.
Finding Solutions and Inspiration
Peter Pudney, a technical expert at the Bridgestone World Solar Challenge, suggests that rather than focusing solely on improving solar panel efficiency, efforts should be made to reduce vehicles’ overall energy consumption. Most modern cars are significantly heavier than necessary, reducing their efficiency. Looking at the lightweight, aerodynamic designs used in solar-powered racing cars could offer valuable insights into the future of solar electromobility.
To overcome current limitations, automakers may consider flexible PV panels to maximize coverage, reduce vehicle weight, and integrate transparent solar panels instead of traditional glass. Simplifying electronics, such as minimizing touchscreen reliance, could further enhance efficiency.
Existing Solar-Assisted Vehicles
Although fully solar-powered vehicles are not yet commercially available, some manufacturers have begun incorporating solar technology into their EVs. The 2023 Toyota Prius Prime offers an optional solar roof that helps charge the battery and slightly increases its driving range. Similarly, Hyundai’s Ioniq 5 integrates solar panels, adding up to four miles of extra range per day.
Mercedes-Benz has introduced the Vision EQXX, which uses solar panels to power auxiliary systems, indirectly improving battery range by reducing energy consumption. Meanwhile, Aptera Motors is developing a lightweight, three-wheeled solar-powered prototype designed to achieve up to 1,000 miles on a single charge.
The Future of Solar Electromobility
A decade ago, the widespread adoption of electric vehicles seemed uncertain. Today, EV charging networks are well-established, and major automakers are heavily invested in EV production. While solar-powered cars still face significant challenges, advancements in technology, infrastructure, and design indicate that their potential may be realized in the future.
